On a recent cloudless morning, a group of people from Urumqi, in northwestern China, emerged bleary-eyed from the dimly lit mausoleum on Red Square. For the European tourists who wait out the long line that snakes along the red brick walls of the Kremlin, Vladimir Lenin’s embalmed body is a curiosity. For the Chinese visitors, however, he’s much more. “Coming here, exactly 100 years later, is extremely important for the older generation,” said the group’s 32-year-old tour leader, Wang Lin. “For the youngsters, not so much,” he told me as he shepherded away tourists of various ages.
Even before this year, Russia was already growing in popularity as a destination for Chinese tourists: Last year saw a record 1.3 million Chinese visitors spending almost $3 billion a year, according to the Russian tour agency World Without Borders, which caters exclusively to people from China. Chinese tour groups have become a regular fixture on Moscow’s resplendent, chandeliered metro, which was a showcase for the Soviet Union, as have the Chinese tourists regularly thronged around Moscow’s various Lenin statues taking selfies.
But 2017 has seen a surge in Chinese tourists who want to mark the centennial anniversary of the communist revolution that swept the Bolsheviks into power and changed the course of not just Russia but China, too. For the first six months of this year, the number of visitors from China was up by 36 percent compared with the same period last year, according to the Russian Federal Agency for Tourism.
Red tourism
The agency attributed the increase to “red tourism,” an initiative by the Chinese government to encourage travel to places of importance in communist lore, both inside and outside of China, that has been encouraged and promoted by President Xi Jinping himself. Red tourism is being “actively expanded by the Chinese government so that its people don’t forget the value of communist ideology,” said Vladimir Petrovsky, a scholar of Far Eastern studies with the government-linked Russian Academy of Sciences.
But these happy selfie-taking visitors touring sites related to the events of 1917 have made for a strange contrast with the ambivalence of their hosts. On the one hand, Russia has sought to welcome Chinese tourists — and their money — with open arms; on the other, the country remains unsure on how to grapple with the events these tourists are here to commemorate.
In Soviet days, the anniversary of the October Revolution was a much-anticipated annual event that saw huge parades held on Red Square. Today, however, the Russia of President Vladimir Putin is less inclined to celebrate a time when revolutionary zeal swept through the streets and overthrew those in power. (If that wasn’t awkward enough, the Russian Orthodox Church, a powerful institution in today’s Russia, in 2000 canonized the country’s last tsar, Nicholas II; the events of 1917 ultimately led to his death by firing squad.) Despite the uncertainty, the Kremlin is also loath to condemn the 1917 revolution, which led to the creation of a superpower that kept the United States on its toes for decades.
At present, there is no official line on the revolution — unusual for a country where history is often used and, at times, creatively retold for nationalistic purposes. The Kremlin appears to have settled on a strategy of acknowledging the centennial but on the smallest of scales: Late last year, Putin officially tasked the Ministry of Culture with helping academics prepare to mark the centennial, and they have dutifully obliged, organising small art exhibits and concerts. State-sponsored media outlets have taken on some memorial projects; Tass news agency, for instance, has created an interactive site detailing the events leading up to the revolution. But the pomp and nationalistic grandeur on display at events like Moscow’s annual military parade, which celebrates the country’s victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, are nowhere to be found.
Russia’s courting of Chinese tourists comes at a time when both countries have been seeking a closer diplomatic relationship. When Xi visited Russia in July — for his third meeting with Putin this year — he described relations between the two nations as being at their “best time in history.” The two leaders were pictured toasting champagne, and by the time Xi left, their countries had inked $10 billion worth of deals.
Chinese visitors
“Red tourism … is discreet propaganda — it’s an instrument of soft power,” Petrovsky said.
“Red tourism … is discreet propaganda — it’s an instrument of soft power,” Petrovsky said. And if the geopolitics look good, the financials for cash-strapped Russia look even better. “Russians, especially the young, are not nostalgic for their revolutionary past,” he said. “And they’re not going to spend money on it.” This year, tourism officials expect that around 6,000 Chinese visitors — up 1,000 from last year — will visit Ulyanovsk, a tidy riverfront city on the Volga about 450 miles east of Moscow, where Lenin was born. (The number of Russian tourists — usually around 400,000 — is also expected to increase in the centenary year but not by as much in terms of a percentage jump.) Ulyanovsk’s streets have been decorated for the occasion: Quotes from Karl Marx have been written in Chinese and Russian on the asphalt. Restaurants have prepped with Chinese-language menus. And near the two-story, cream-coloured house where Lenin was born, the Venets hotel boasts of staff with knowledge of basic Mandarin. Similar to the home where Josef Stalin was born, in Georgia, a large memorial structure has been built around Lenin’s childhood home, and visitors are encouraged to take pictures of the small wood-paneled room where his mother gave birth. On a recent visit, many Chinese visitors came to pay their respects dressed up in Soviet-era costume, wearing the iconic red neck scarves that are familiar to generations of Soviet schoolchildren as the uniform of Lenin’s youth pioneers group.
Ulyanovsk (formerly known as Simbirsk but which changed its name upon Lenin’s death in 1924, in honour of his pre-revolutionary name, Ulyanov) has ambitions to establish direct flights next year to Shaoshan, the birthplace of Mao Zedong, the founder of modern-day communist China. That deal, agreed on last year, comes under more general plans to bring more Chinese tourists to the so-called “red route,” which follows Lenin’s footsteps from Ulyanovsk to Kazan, where he went to university, to St. Petersburg, the site of the revolution, and then Moscow, where the new Soviet government was set up and which became Lenin’s final resting place.
- Foreign Policy
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